Impact of perioperative symbiotic therapy on infectious morbidity after Hpb Surgery in jaundiced patients: a randomized controlled trial.

This study aimed at evaluating whether the administration of symbiotic therapy in jaundiced patients could reduce their postoperative infectious complications. The study was conducted between November 2008 and February 2011. Jaundiced patients scheduled for elective extrahepatic bile duct resection without liver cirrhosis, intestinal malabsorption or intolerance to symbiotic therapy were randomly assigned to receive [Group A] or not [Group B] symbiotics perioperatively. The primary endpoint was the infectious morbidity rate. Forty patients were included in the analysis (20 in each group). The patients in Group B presented a higher overall morbidity (70 vs 50%) and infectious morbidity rate (50 vs 25%), but the differences were not significant. Eleven patients in Group A (Group ndA) and 13 in Group B (Group ndB) did not receive preoperative biliary drainage. The results of the two groups were comparable. Infectious complications were higher in Group B [5 (34%) vs 0, p = 0.030], while the prevalence of natural killer (NK) cells was higher in Group ndA the day before surgery (17% ± 5.1 vs 10% ± 5.3, p < 0.01) and on post-operative day (POD) 7 (13.1% ± 4.1 vs 7.7% ± 3.4, p < 0.01). The rates of lymph node colonization were similar. The symbiotic therapy failed to reduce the rate of infectious morbidity in jaundiced patients. Further studies investigating the place of symbiotic in no-drainage patients are required.

Hospital survival and long term quality of life after emergency institution of venoarterial ECMO for refractory circulatory collapse.

BACKGROUND: Thanks to significant technical improvements, VA-ECMO is increasingly used to reverse circulatory collapse refractory to standard treatments. METHODS: We studied patients who underwent VA-ECMO due to primary cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest between January 2008 and June 2011 at our institution. Variables related to hospital survival were analyzed. Long-term survival and health-related quality of life were checked. RESULTS: VA-ECMO was instituted in 23 patients: 17 outpatients and 6 inpatients. Seven of the outpatients were admitted to hospital under ongoing CPR. In these pts, time to CPR was 7 min (6-8) and time to ECMO 93 min (74-107); after 20 hours (16-22), all these pts died. Among remaining 16 pts, 6 were bridged to heart transplant and 4 to heart recovery, 8 survived to hospital discharge and 7 were alive with high health-related quality of life after 46 months (36-54). Ongoing CPR, inotropic score and lactates at cannulation did not differ between survivors and non-survivors; duration of shock, SOFA score and serum creatinine at ECMO institution, and lactates and fluid balance after 36 hours were higher in non-survivors. Patients could be kept on spontaneous breathing for >30% of time while on VA-ECMO. CONCLUSION: Emergency VA-ECMO institution can reverse refractory acute cardiovascular collapse, provided it is carried out before significant organ dysfunction occurs. Light sedation and spontaneous breathing while on VA-ECMO can be well tolerated by patients, but related clinical benefits should be proved. Patients successfully bridged to heart recovery or transplant are candidates for long-term good quality of life.

Long-term outcomes after angioplasty of isolated, below-the-knee arteries in diabetic patients with critical limb ischaemia.

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that concomitant percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of above-the-knee (ATK) and below-the-knee (BTK) arteries is highly beneficial for limb salvage in patients with critical limb ischaemia (CLI), but few published studies have specifically investigated outcomes in diabetic patients with CLI associated with isolated small BTK-vessel disease. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term results of successful PTA for limb salvage in such patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From among the 634 patients with CLI in our database, we retrospectively selected a consecutive series of 101 diabetics (16%) with 107 critically ischaemic limbs (33 Rutherford 5 and 74 Rutherford 6) and no critical ATK lesion, who underwent PTA on isolated BTK lesions. RESULTS: The limb salvage rate was 93% after a mean follow-up of 1048+/-525 days (2.9+/-1.4 years). Transcutaneous oxygen tension significantly increased after 1 month (18.1+/-11.2 vs. 39.6+/-15.1; p<0.05). After 1 year, target-vessel re-stenosis had occurred in 42% of the non-amputated limbs, nine patients (9%) had died because of medical conditions unrelated to PTA and three patients had undergone repeat PTA for recurrent CLI. CONCLUSIONS: In our selected patient population with ischaemic diabetic foot and isolated BTK lesions, a successful endovascular procedure led to a high percentage of limb salvage at long-term follow-up.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux increases the number of apnoeas in very preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To document the existence of a relationship between apnoea of prematurity (AOP) and gastro-oesophageal reflux (GER) in preterm infants. SETTING: Neonatal intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Twenty-six preterm infants (gestational age < or =32 weeks) with recurrent apnoeas. INTERVENTION: Simultaneous and synchronised recording of polysomnography and pH-impedance monitoring (pH-MII). Polysomnography detects and characterises apnoeas, by recording of breathing movement, nasal airflow, electrocardiogram and pulse oximeter saturation. pH-MII is the state-of-the-art methodology for GER detection in preterm newborns. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relationship between AOP and GER, which were considered temporally related if both started within 30 seconds of each other. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-four apnoeas out of 1136 were temporally related to GER. The frequency of apnoea during the 1-minute time around the onset of GER was significantly higher than the frequency detected in the GER-free period (p = 0.03). Furthermore, the frequency of apnoea in the 30 seconds after GER (GER-triggered apnoeas) was greater than that detected in the 30 seconds before (p = 0.01). A great inter-individual variability was documented in the proportion of GER-triggered apnoeas. A strong correlation between total number of apnoeas and the difference between apnoeas detected 30 seconds after and before GER was found (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that a variable rate of apnoeas can be triggered by GER in very preterm infants. Further studies are needed to recognise clinical features that identify those patients who are more susceptible to GER-triggered apnoeas.

Differences in blood pressure regulation of congestive heart failure, before and after treatment, correlate with changes in the circulating pattern of atrial natriuretic peptide.

The mechanisms underlying altered BP regulation in congestive heart failure are unknown. This study examines the possibility that differences in circadian blood pressure (BP) regulation between the normal and the failing heart correlate with changes in the circulating pattern of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Twelve normotensive patients with coronary artery disease were studied over two separate 24-h periods, the first during acute exacerbation of congestive heart failure (radionuclide-determined ejection fraction at rest was less than 30%) and the second after therapy-induced functional recovery (ejection fraction was more than 40%). BP monitoring at 10-min intervals and intra-atrial blood samples for ANP assays at hourly intervals were obtained. Significant correlation between ejection fraction and the indexes of circadian BP variability (standard deviation of the 24-h pressure mean and day-night pressure difference) were found both before and after treatment. Ejection fraction was independent of the BP means (24-h, daytime and night-time). BP variability, 24-h mean and daytime mean were higher after treatment. ANP means were lower after treatment, whereas ANP variability was higher. The indexes of BP and ANP variability correlated both before and after treatment, whereas the BP and the ANP means were independent. These findings demonstrate that differences in BP regulation of CHF before and after effective treatment correlate with changes in the circulating pattern of ANP. We speculate that by modulating ANP release, the heart could be actively involved in BP regulation as part of the compensatory mechanisms aimed at protecting against circulatory overload.

Consistent changes in the circadian rhythms of blood pressure and atrial natriuretic peptide in congestive heart failure.

We demonstrated in previous works that the circadian rhythms of blood pressure (BP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are antiphasic in normal subjects and in essential hypertension. The aim of the present study was to assess the circadian rhythms of BP and ANP in 20 patients with stable congestive heart failure (CHF), divided into two groups of 10 according to their New York Heart Association functional class. A matched control group of 10 normal volunteers was also studied. Noninvasive BP monitoring at 15-min intervals was performed for 24 h. Peripheral blood samples were also obtained at 4-h intervals starting from 08:00 h. The mean (+/- SEM) circadian mesors of ANP plasma levels were 13.4 +/- 1.7 pmol/L in the control group, 28.6 +/- 2.4 pmol/L in the group of 10 patients in class II, and 81.5 +/- 12 pmol/L in the group of 10 patients in class III-IV. In normal subjects, plasma ANP concentration was highest at 04:00 h (21.5 +/- 2.7 pmol/L) and lowest at 16:00 h (8.8 +/- 2.4 pmol/L; p less than 0.01). Both groups of patients with CHF showed no significant circadian change in the plasma levels of ANP and also a significantly blunted circadian rhythm of BP. Cosinor analysis confirmed the loss of the circadian rhythms of ANP and BP in CHF patients. Our findings support the existence of a causal relationship between the circadian rhythms of ANP and BP.

[An epidemiological study on syphilis conducted at the laboratory of the Mauriziano Hospital (USL 37) of Lanzo Torinese in 1988]. / Indagine epidemiologica sulla sifilide condotta presso il laboratorio dell'Ospedale Mauriziano di Lanzo Torinese (USL 37) nell'anno 1988.

The study conducted in 1988 was designed to assess the value of blanket serum tests for syphilis on hospitalised and outpatients. The incidence of syphilis encountered was particularly low and primarily confined to patients over 50. Apart from specific requests, mass scanning for the disease does not therefore seem necessary though it does seem advisable to test hospitalised and pregnant women.

Circadian rhythms of atrial natriuretic peptide, renin, aldosterone, cortisol, blood pressure and heart rate in normal and hypertensive subjects.

The occurrence and extent of a circadian rhythm in the circulating concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are still matters of controversy. Only a few data are available in humans relating the time structure of plasma ANP levels with the circadian patterns of other hormones and cardiovascular variables. In a group of hospitalized normal volunteers (six men and four women, 16-76 years old), and in a group of hospitalized hypertensives (seven men and three women, 18-76 years old), we investigated the circadian variability of ANP and its temporal relationship with the circadian rhythms of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR), and plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone (PA) and plasma cortisol (PC) levels, by using a chronobiological inferential statistic method. At the end of a synchronizing period of 1 week (the diet and daily schedule were standardized), the subjects underwent automatic BP and HR monitoring, and blood sampling for 24 h. A statistically significant mean circadian rhythm was demonstrated for ANP, BP, HR, PRA, PA and PC in both normal and hypertensive subjects. The mean circadian acrophase of ANP (calculated to occur at around 04.00 h) anticipated the corresponding acrophases of the other hormones; BP and HR rhythms appeared to be in antiphase with ANP rhythm, i.e. the peak of BP and HR rhythms more or less coincided with the trough in ANP rhythm. A significant increase in the daily levels (assessed by the circadian mesor) of ANP was present in hypertensive subjects when compared with normal controls. In essential hypertension the circadian rhythm of ANP was set at higher circulating levels, but otherwise it was similar to the circadian rhythm found in normals. ANP mesors correlated significantly with renin and aldosterone mesors in normal subjects but not in hypertensive patients. ANP appears to anticipate awakening in its circadian periodic rise. On the basis of the considerable acrophase asynchronism, it seems possible to exclude any causal relations between the periodic changes of ANP and the rhythmic fluctuations of the other hormones that we studied. In contrast, important relations may be hypothesized between ANP levels and BP and HR values, on the basis of their antiphase rhythms.

Altered circadian rhythms of blood pressure and heart rate in non-hemodialysis chronic renal failure.

The extended use of ambulatory monitoring has permitted the identification of many conditions in which the circadian rhythm of blood pressure is altered. The common denominator seems to be an impairment of the autonomic nervous system function. We examined whether the circadian blood pressure rhythm is altered in chronic renal failure (where autonomic dysfunction is usually present) by using a standardized chronobiological inferential statistical method in hospitalized subjects. For this purpose, a group of 30 non-hemodialysis hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure was compared with a second group of 30 patients affected by uncomplicated mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. The two groups were matched by age, sex and circadian mesors of blood pressure. Diet, meal times, sleep, and activity logs were standardized. Blood pressure and heart rate recordings were obtained by using an automatic oscillometric recorder and subsequently analyzed according to the cosinor method. A mean circadian rhythm of blood pressure was documented in both groups, but while the mean acrophases occurred between 2 and 3 p.m. in essential hypertension, in renal failure they were between 11 p.m. and midnight for blood pressure and around 7 p.m. for heart rate. In addition, the mean circadian amplitudes were significantly lower in renal failure, while the mean circadian mesor of heart rate was significantly higher. Our data demonstrate that the circadian rhythms of blood pressure and heart rate are altered also in hypertension due to chronic renal failure.

Are we overtreating hypertensive patients? Chronobiologic vs. sphygmomanometric evaluation of ambulatory antihypertensive therapy.

The purpose of this prospective study was to compare two methods of evaluating antihypertensive treatment efficacy: the traditional sphygmomanometric method and automatic home recording. Thirty hypertensive patients were studied who had been on antihypertensive therapy for at least 3 months. In the first 3 weeks of study their therapy was left unchanged and their diastolic blood pressures, measured with the traditional sphygmomanometer (weekly morning visit in the outpatient clinic; three successive recordings at 5-min intervals; subject seated), were always higher than 95 mmHg. During the following 8 weeks, the physician tried to reduce diastolic blood pressure to not greater than 90 mmHg by changing or increasing the therapy. Before and after any modification in therapy, noninvasive, automatic home, blood pressure monitorings for 24 hours were obtained and analyzed with Halberg's method of single cosinor, but were not made available to the physician until the end of the study. Automatic recordings showed that 18 patients had already had a circadian diastolic mesor less than or equal to 90 mmHg under the original drug regimen. By changing or increasing the therapy, no additional pressure decrease was seen in the home pressure recordings of the whole group of patients, whereas the sphygmomanometric diastolic pressures of 15 patients fell under 90 mmHg. Our study provides additional evidence that casual sphygmomanometric measurements can be misleading when one tries to assess the efficacy of antihypertensive therapy, and a cause of potential overtreatment.

[Prevalence of HBsAG carriers in a population of Northern Italy in 1987]. / Prevalenza dei portatori di HBsAG in una popolazione del Nord Italia relativa all'anno 1987.

In view of the high incidence of hepatitis B in Italy, the prevalence of carriers of HBsAg in one area of Piedmont and comparison with data obtained in other areas of Northern and Southern Italy has been assessed. HBsAg was sought in the serum of 2242 patients of the Lanzo Torinese Hospital. Average prevalence observed (0.66%) was related to recent national statistics and shows a slightly lower percentage than mean values for Northern Italy and much below what is found in the South of Italy.

Chronobiologic vs. sphygmomanometric assessment of hypertension in a hospital setting.

The aim of this study was to assess the possible correlations between casual measurements and automatic monitoring analyzed with the chronobiologic technique in hospitalized hypertensive patients. Forty-three patients (24 men and 19 women) with mild to moderate essential hypertension were studied in an open hospital ward 5 to 7 days after admission. Meal times, sleep times, and visiting hours were standardized. A clinical value of blood pressure was calculated as the arithmetic mean of three sphygmomanometric measurements taken in the morning (patient seated; 5-min interval between measurements). Then, a basal value of blood pressure was considered as the lowest systolic and the lowest diastolic blood pressure among six sphygmomanometric measurements obtained every 5 min (patient supine). Noninvasive, automatic recording of blood pressure was also obtained every 15 min for 24 hours by a quasiportable oscillometric instrument. Blood pressure recordings were analyzed according to the "cosinor" method of Halberg. On average, clinical blood pressure was 160/96 +/- 14/10 mmHg, significantly higher (p less than 0.005) than either basal blood pressure (150/91 +/- 12/8 mmHg) or 24-h recorded blood pressure mesor (144/88 +/- 13/9 mmHg). The differences were not entirely due to diurnal variations, since morning casual measurements were significantly higher than daytime average blood pressure. A chronobiologic assessment of hypertension in hospitalized patients is more representative of true blood pressure behavior, not only because of the multiple recordings but also because of the absence of an alarm reaction that may trigger a pressor response.